Infective Endocarditis Caused by Viridans Streptococci

Infective Endocarditis Caused by Viridans Streptococci Contextual investigation 1: Infective endocarditis brought about by viridans streptococci Contextual analysis 2: Haemorrhagic fever brought about by Ebolavirus Contextual investigation 1 Subject is a 48-year-elderly person with a background marked by mitral valve disgorging who presents with a 10-day history of weakness, fever and general disquietude. Some rosy sores are noted on his palm, which he has never taken note. He denies any hack, yet has gentle new brevity of breath with effort and with resting level around evening time in bed. He is by and large healthy with the exception of a root trench activity around 3 weeks already. The historical backdrop of mitral valve disgorging is believed to be optional to rheumatic fever as a kid. Heart assessment is remarkable for a noisy systolic mumble best heard at the left sternal fringe with radiation over to the axilla. Lungs are clear and stomach assessment is typical. Skin assessment is noteworthy for a few dissipated rosy sores over his palms and soles that are not difficult when weight is applied. Lab tests: Blood tally shows WBC 14.8 with 86% neutrophils; blood societies developed out gram-positive cocci in chains that are alpha haemolytic on horse blood agar. Proof for Diagnosis Mitral valve disgorging would represent the weakness, and furthermore the brevity of breath in the patient, anyway different indications are available this by itself can't clarify. The first of these is the fever endured by the patient, which would mean a disease. The second is the nearness of injuries on the palms and soles; Petechiae, for example, these, known as Janeway sores, are a pointer of endocarditis (O’Connor, 2002), and the patient’s history of mitral valve disgorging, alongside an ongoing history of root channel work affirm this is a conceivable conclusion. The lungs and midsection of the patient are clear, as would be normal for a situation of endocarditis, anyway assessment of the heart sounds showed a reasonable murmer. The patient’s blood results gave away from of contamination, with leukocytosis and raised neutrophil check. The microscopic organisms refined from the patient’s blood can be effectively distinguished as Streptococci, and sinc e this is known to be a causative life form of endocarditis (Brooks, Butel and Morse, 2004, pp.197), it makes the finding likely. Further Testing Required While the conclusion for this situation ought to be straight forward due to bacteraemia and nearness of fringe blemish, as per the Duke standards, which is utilized as a device for determination of infective endocarditis, this patient would be delegated having just conceivable infective endocarditis. As they show a portion of the fundamental pathologic and clinical models, they would require further tests to decide whether it was certainly infective endocarditis (Li et al., 2000). The Duke Criteria was created by Durack et al. (1994) as a methods for better distinctive infective endocarditis from different reasons for cardiovascular issues; these were assessed as being better than past strategies for analysis (Bayer et al., 1994)(Cecchi et al., 1997)(Hoen et al., 1995) The standards have been utilized since, however there have been considers done into improving the measures further. As per these models, the patient’s conclusion could be affirmed via completing different tests, for example, an ECG, echocardiogram, and chest x-beam, to avoid other conceivable heart issues. Be that as it may, the patient would likewise meet two significant rules, and in this way be named clear infective endocarditis if two further societies of blood developed causative microbes. While the most probable causative life form is viridans streptococci, as Streptococcus pneumonia is all the more normally connected with bacterial pneumonia or meningitis, the two can be separated just by testing with optochin. S. pneumonia are defenseless to this microbial operator, where viridans streptococci are safe. Suspending the microscopic organisms in bile salts would likewise give an appropriate differentiation, as S. pneumonia would lyse, where viridans streptococci are insoluble (Brooks, Butel and Morse, 2004, pp.197). Endocarditis because of streptococcal contamination Microbiology Numerous course books, and in reality some diary articles allude to the gathering of streptococci which cause endocarditis by the name Streptococcus viridans, anyway this is really a misnomer, as the viridans streptococci are really a gathering of a few distinct microscopic organisms, and are alluded to as viridans essentially in light of the fact that they produce a green corona when developed on blood agar (Elliott et al., 1997, pp.30-1). Viridans streptococci are frequently discovered inhabitant in plenitude in the mouth, where they are normally commensal, or cause just mellow contaminations; once in the circulatory system, these typically aloof microorganisms can get pathogenic, and lead to endocarditis after arriving at the heart (Brooks, Butel and Morse, 2004, pp.197). The microscopic organisms can multiply in basically anomalous valve surfaces and bit by bit lead to the decimation of the valves, bringing about spewing forth (O’Connor, 2002). Those valves harmed by rheumatic fever are especially inclined to contamination (Heritage, Evans and Killington, 1999, p.185). Side effects The physical side effects endured by the patient are an aftereffect of the body’s reaction to the contamination; the fever and general discomfort endured by the patient would be because of cytokine age from the poor quality disease, and the petechiae in the skin, known as Janeway sores, are the consequence of safe edifices being kept in little vessels there (O’Connor, 2002). Prophylaxis Any patient, for example, the one here, surveyed from their past clinical history to be in danger from endocarditis, ought to be given prophylactic treatment before experiencing obtrusive dental medical procedure. The current rules laid out by Ramsdale et al. (2004) suggest amoxicillin for this reason, or clindamycin for those oversensitive to penicillin. This specific patient would just be viewed as a moderate hazard as indicated by the new rules, so there would be no requirement for gentamicin, anyway those considered at high hazard would be given this intravenously notwithstanding IV amoxicillin/clindamycin. Treatment A blend of penicillin and gentamicin are utilized to treat streptococcal endocarditis. While contemplates have discovered that there is just a restricted protection from penicillin in victims at present, vancomycin can be utilized a suitable option in those hypersensitive to penicillin and those with increasingly safe strains (Johnson et al., 2001). For the individuals who don't react to antimicrobial treatment, medical procedure is regularly a feasible alternative, supplanting the contaminated valves. While not generally effective, this offers an improved visualization for those where other treatment is fruitless (Moon et al., 1997). Anticipation Whenever left untreated, infective endocarditis is consistently lethal, as the devastation of a valve will keep the heart from working. Regardless of whether rewarded, the infection conveys a high dismalness and death rate. The components which sway most grounded on guess are uncontrolled contamination and congestive cardiovascular breakdown. It is thus that early finding and antimicrobial treatment is important. Notwithstanding, steady enhancements in surgeries are prompting a superior visualization for those not reacting to treatment (Karth et al., 2002). It could be contemplated that these advances in medical procedure will turn out to be much increasingly significant in anticipation as frequencies of antimicrobial opposition increment, which is definitely inescapable deciding by patterns in other bacterial contaminations, for example, Staphylococcus aureus. Contextual analysis 4 A 34-year-elderly person analyst contemplating chimpanzee conduct in the Ivory Coast found a few of the creatures were passing on. She analyzed one a few hours after it kicked the bucket and found that it had passed on of discharge, and had non-thickening blood. She wore family unit gloves, yet no veil or outfit during the dismemberment. After eight days she built up a fever and migraine, which didn't react to intestinal sickness treatment. Five days into her disease, she created heaving, the runs, a rash, and renal disappointment. Anti-infection agents didn't improve her condition and she was shipped home in confinement. The patient is dormant yet informative. She has lymphadenopathy. Her lung test is typical. She has a somewhat delicate and developed liver and spleen. Lab tests: She has a white platelet check of 3.6, haematocrit of 40, and low platelets of 83. She has a low fibrinogen of 0.8. Her coagulating times are typical, notwithstanding. Serological tests for Bacillus anthracis, dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Marburg infection, Rift Valley fever, Lassa fever, and Hantavirus are on the whole negative. Proof for Diagnosis The historical backdrop of the patient recommends that she is experiencing something that has emerged from her contact with a tainted chimpanzee. While various zoonotic ailments are known to be common in the African mainland, most of those have just been precluded by negative test outcomes. One which has not is the Ebolavirus, which offers ascend to Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Transmission of the Ebolavirus from dead creatures has been archived before, remembering for the Ivory Coast (WHO, 2004; CDC, 2005). The beginning of the patient’s manifestations fits with the known timescale for the Ebolavirus of 2 to 21 days; the fever and migraine which she encountered are exemplary side effects. Later in the infection victims additionally for the most part create the runs, regurgitating, and perhaps a rash (CDC, 2005). It would clearly be normal that anti-infection agents would carry no improvement to the ailment, as the disease is viral. In a physical assessment, it would be normal that a patient contaminated with Ebolavirus would have an amplified liver and spleen, as this is the place infection replication is especially proliferant. Sanchez et al. (2004) likewise determines the lungs as additionally being one of the fundamental locales of infection replication, inferring th

Fast Food is Destroying America Essay -- Fast Food is Killing America

We give food that clients love, for quite a while after day. Individuals simply need a greater amount of it† (Ray Kroc, Founder of McDonald’s). Coronary Artery Disease is a sort of coronary illness and the most widely recognized reason for cardiovascular failures. Plaque from eating undesirable nourishments, develops in the conduits, the veins solidify and start to get thin and can cause chest agony and coronary failures. â€Å"Obesity is an ailment where overabundance muscle versus fat has gathered to the degree that it might negatively affect wellbeing, prompting decreased future or potentially expanded wellbeing problems.† nature is influenced by the inexpensive food industry in view of the measure of contamination and junk they produce every day. The cheap food industry harmfully affects society. Cheap food harmfully affects society since it can cause Coronary Artery Disease. Nancy Clarke shows â€Å"Fast food contains high measures of cholesterol and salt, two supplements that add to cardiovascular wellbeing problems† (parag. 2). Cheap food is known to be unfortunate, it is high in fat, sodium, and cholesterol, which can make Atherosclerosis and lead Heart Disease. The U.S Center for Disease Control and Prevention guarantee there is an immediate connection among sodium and hypertension. Cheap food is high in sodium and cholesterol can develop plaque. The American Heart Association demonstrates â€Å"Atherosclerosis is a moderate, dynamic sickness that may begin in childhood† (parag. 4). Most patients have no clue that they might have atherosclerosis. Attempting to see whether somebody has this malady is extremely troublesome, the individual would must have a coronary failure or stroke first. This is on the grounds that it grows bit by bit, however when atherosc lerosis begins to create it usuall... ...e/442066-sicknesses brought about by-eating-an excess of inexpensive food/>. Bhimji, MD, Shabir, and Shehnaz Shaikh, MD. Solidifying of the Arteries.Emedicinehealth. Ed. Alan D. Forker. Www.WebMD.com, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. . Walton, Katelyn. Quicker Is Not Always Better †How Fast Food Effects the Environment | One Shade Greener. Faster Is Not Always Better †How Fast Food Effects the Environment | One Shade Greener. N.p., 18 Aug. 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. . Cheap Food. Food Empowerment Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. . Cheap Food Statistics. Statistic Brain RSS. N.p., 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. . Cheap Food is Destroying America Essay - Fast Food is Killing America We give food that clients love, for quite a while after day. Individuals simply need a greater amount of it† (Ray Kroc, Founder of McDonald’s). Coronary Artery Disease is a sort of coronary illness and the most well-known reason for cardiovascular failures. Plaque from eating unfortunate nourishments, develops in the corridors, the conduits solidify and start to get limited and can cause chest agony and coronary episodes. â€Å"Obesity is an ailment wherein abundance muscle to fat ratio has gathered to the degree that it might negatively affect wellbeing, prompting diminished future or potentially expanded wellbeing problems.† nature is influenced by the cheap food industry in view of the measure of contamination and junk they produce every day. The cheap food industry harmfully affects society. Cheap food harmfully affects society since it can cause Coronary Artery Disease. Nancy Clarke shows â€Å"Fast food contains high measures of cholesterol and salt, two supplements that add to cardiovascular wellbeing problems† (parag. 2). Cheap food is known to be unfortunate, it is high in fat, sodium, and cholesterol, which can make Atherosclerosis and lead Heart Disease. The U.S Center for Disease Control and Prevention guarantee there is an immediate connection among sodium and hypertension. Inexpensive food is high in sodium and cholesterol can develop plaque. The American Heart Association shows â€Å"Atherosclerosis is a moderate, dynamic illness that may begin in childhood† (parag. 4). Most patients have no clue that they might have atherosclerosis. Attempting to see whether somebody has this malady is extremely troublesome, the individual would must have a coronary failure or stroke first. This is on the grounds that it grows bit by bit, yet when atherosclerosi s begins to create it usuall... ...e/442066-illnesses brought about by-eating-an excessive amount of inexpensive food/>. Bhimji, MD, Shabir, and Shehnaz Shaikh, MD. Solidifying of the Arteries.Emedicinehealth. Ed. Alan D. Forker. Www.WebMD.com, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. . Walton, Katelyn. Quicker Is Not Always Better †How Fast Food Effects the Environment | One Shade Greener. Faster Is Not Always Better †How Fast Food Effects the Environment | One Shade Greener. N.p., 18 Aug. 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. . Inexpensive Food. Food Empowerment Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. . Inexpensive Food Statistics. Statistic Brain RSS. N.p., 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 23 Apr. 2014. .

How to Mention Fun Facts About Yourself in a Job Search

How to Mention Fun Facts About Yourself in a Job Search When you first start searching for a job and get invited to a couple of interviews, you may feel overwhelmed at first, because it is all new to you and sometimes new things can be a little scary, so it is a completely normal feeling.But after some time and couple more interviews you will probably get used to the concept and manage to anticipate almost every question they are going to ask you.You will probably practice at home with your friends and think you are ready for anything they throw at you.But that is where you are wrong.Thinking that you already know everything and that there is no question that can confuse you.And then you hear that one question, that can stun you and leave you thinking for a couple of seconds, which is of course enough for the interviewer to notice that you have been pretending and that, in fact, you are not so sure about yourself as it may have seemed before.That one question is, of course, different for every one of us, but for me, it was the question †œTell me something funny and interesting about yourself”.It is not a hard question, the problem is, I wasn’t quite prepared for it.That is why in this text, I am going to explain how to answer that and some other questions, how to mention some fun facts about yourself in your resume and during the interview.So stay tuned and let us start!BUILDING AN INTERESTING RESUMEBefore you even get to the interview phase and get asked some interesting questions, first you need to send your resume.Since it is the first thing interviewers are getting from you, and it is the first thing which should give them an idea of what kind of person you really are, then you should probably make it look good.But, as with anything which is new, it can be really hard to do it.Not because the process of making the resume is hard, but because you are probably fresh graduate without any or with a very small amount of experience in your hands.That is why you need to show what your real strengths are, not just by including some internships you might have had or small jobs, but also by including some interesting facts about you because those facts can tell a lot more about you as a person than any other thing you might add.But here’s the catch, how to know what kind of hobbies and activities to put in the resume?Some may be irrelevant, some inappropriate for the job you are applying, so you should tread carefully when choosing which ones to put.Generally, since the resume is used as a picture of the first impression, you need to make it so that it represents the best version of you.Apart from all those necessary stuff, like name, education and contact information, you should add skills that are relevant for any potential job, so they don’t think you are a complete ignoramus, or in other words that you do not know a thing.Next, after you sorted out important skills and abilities, you should think about some hobbies and interests.People usually put all the same ones, like reading a book, watching movies, bicycle riding etc.And it literally becomes a nuisance to read it!However, if that is what you do, of course, you should put it there, but apart from that, you must do some other interesting things.Try to think about it and put those hobbies that represent the best of you.Through your interests and hobbies, the interviewers can get a glimpse of information about your personality, which means a lot to them.For example, people who play basketball in their free time are often good team players, which is a trait a lot of companies are looking nowadays.Or for instance, people who like reading books tend to be trapped in their thoughts, which can often be both bad and good.The good side is that they tend to think more, which can be used to think of some new ways to improve business. On the other hand, the bad note is that too much thinking can drive them away from the real goal, which is what most employers would want to evade.But you get the point.Whatever you choose to put in your resume, will eventually represent one part of the puzzle which is your personality, so that is why you need to think it through very carefully and put those hobbies and skills which represent the best of you. This short video shows you how to make a perfect resume and what are the most common mistakes you can make while building both your resume and cover letter.MOVING ON TO THE INTERVIEWHaving your first interview can be a bit scary, you might feel a bit nervous and overwhelmed, but do not let that stop you.Interviewers know that feeling, everyone has gone through the same process.So just relax and be the best version of yourself.Now, remember, interviewers do not want to hear what they had already read in your resume. They already got that first impression picture.Now they want you to confirm it and expand it a bit more.In order to do that, you need to be prepared for it and act professionally. I have several tips to help you with that.1. HonestyOne of the most import ant things, not just for the interviews, but also for life, is, to be honest.When I say honest, I do not mean honest about every little thing, because we all know no one is 100% honest. What I mean, you need to be honest about yourself and your skills and abilities.You may lie about what you can do, what types of work you have done in the past, but eventually, it will come out and be revealed unless you are some psycho who lives surrounded by lies and deceit.If you, however, lie, that would have to be a masterfully crafted lie and you would always need to have it somewhere in the back of your head, so you wouldn’t accidentally reveal it.I noticed that people usually lie about their skills.Even some skills which are really trivial, easy to learn, but they still lie, instead of them just learning it and then put it in their resume. One example is a skill in Microsoft Office.I know at least a dozen people who lied about having a perfect knowledge of Microsoft Office package just so t hey would get the job.And then when they did get the job, they were asking their friends to help them with doing some trivial stuff in Word.Employers, of course eventually learn everything, so some of my friends got a warning to really master it or they’ll get a proper goodbye note.And really, by lying about things like this you do not lie to your employers, you are lying to yourself. You are hurting yourself, and your own sense of dignity.So, instead of lying, you should work on yourself and be honest about yourself during the interviews.Of course, that does not mean you should tell them everything, just the things you think would represent you in the best possible way.By leaving out some things which could make you look bad, it does not mean you are lying, it just means you left out some things which are not so important for them to know.2. Be InterestingPeople don’t usually think about this, but it is very important to stay positive and keep interviewers interested in you bec ause you are not the first person they interview and you probably won’t be the last either.They already heard most of the stories you might tell them, so the conversation can often get pretty boring for them to listen to the same thing over and over again.That is why you need to act lively, pique their interest, be different than other people.There are many ways of doing this, from telling an interesting story to just showing your inner self and talking with your body.Hand gestures are a very common way of doing this.It may surprise you, but people who wave their hands around while talking and explaining some things tend to be more interesting to the viewers.One thing to note though.Do not try to fake it, by randomly waving your hands, because they will notice that.It is not something you can do on purpose, it would look very fake and would seem like a bad act.If hand gestures are not your thing, you should probably seek some other way of being interesting during long conversation s.Another way is to change your voice tone regularly. Importance of tone is really not overrated.People who talk in a single tone for a long time tend to get boring and their listeners can really just turn off from the conversation and think of other things.Lastly, one more thing to notice when you are in a conversation is that you should talk about something in chronological order, how it happened.When people tend to change between several points of a story or even between several stories, it can be both boring and overwhelming to listen to all that.That is why you should stay on the path and tell the story bit by bit, how it all had happened.Of course, try not to tell some unimportant stories.After all, you are at a job interview, not in a bar with your friends.Try to stay on the topics which could be important for your potential job, otherwise, the interviewers might just lose interest.3. ConfidenceImagine yourself as someone who is looking for an employee.Now, on one side you ha ve this person, willing to take responsibility and who is confident in its ability.And on the other side, there is a person who is not sure what it wants and always hesitate to answer your questions.Now, who would you choose? Of course, the answer is person number one.Why?Because you need a person of confidence, who can be entrusted with a wide range of responsibilities.That is why you need to build yourself to be a confident person.You need to show the interviewers that you are the right person for the job, that you are confident and responsible, that you can be trusted and that you are willing to work for the benefit of the company.One way of doing it is to really be that kind of person, but I know that it is not that easy, especially if this is your first job interview.But you need to defeat that fear of failure inside of you and present yourself the best you can, so they could see you as a confident young person.During the interview, just relax and try to talk in a normal, casua l voice, so they wouldn’t be able to sense that fear and nervousness inside of you.Of course, since you will probably be talking to the people you have never met before, it is not a good idea to completely relax, because you can say something which you weren’t supposed to say and then all your hard work would fall into the water.4. Do Your ResearchBefore coming to an interview, make sure to prepare yourself, not just for the questions they might have for you, but for the other things too.You should try to find out more about the company itself, when it was founded, by whom, what is its main field of business, some known facts and perhaps try to analyze recent financial reports to reach a conclusion about how the company conducts its business.If the teamwork is an important part of your job, you should try to break the ice and show how good you are when it comes to working with a lot of people or just working in small, but the close team.Teamwork is one of the most important trai ts nowadays.That is why it is really crucial to present yourself as a team player, even in jobs that do not require too much teamwork, because eventually, you have to talk to the people no matter what type of job you are involved with.Apart from that, while researching the company, try to find out what are the main traits that the company values.That way you can not just present yourself as a team player, but you can also prepare yourself and mention some other qualities you might have that match with the traits that company is looking for in their new recruits.That way they would know they have found the person they need and they would be more reluctant to accept you as their new employee.5. Social Media ProfilesAs it is the same with every aspect of the business, there is no talking about anything, not even interviews, without mentioning the social media.Social media has become one of the most important parts, not just in people’s lives, but also in conducting business.That is w hy it is important not just to present yourself in a good way through the resume and the interview, but also through your social media profiles.There is a good chance that the interviewers would probably check your social media profiles prior to the interview itself, so they get a bit clearer picture of who they are dealing with.That is why you should keep your social media professional, clean all the unnecessary stuff and make your social media profiles like that so they would send a positive picture to the viewer.You should care especially for some of the most popular social media platforms, such as Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn. Those are the platforms that are often checked by employers.Now, there are several ways of making your social media look good and professional, so you might want to watch this short video made by Lauren Berger, where she explains how to do that. Another thing worth noting is that you should have the real information shown on your social media profiles .So that you cannot come in a situation where the interviewers ask you something, you reply and then they say that you claim different on your social media.So it is the best to be consistent in everything you write and everything you do on social media.WHAT INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT MYSELF SHOULD I SAY?And now we finally come to the final question, which is to help you what sort of fun and interesting information about yourself you should share during an interview.When I first got asked this question, I was stunned for a couple of seconds, then I started talking something which was already said in the resume so the interview was basically over, I was able to see it in their eyes.That is when I started thinking about that question, and what would I really say next time. So let me help you with that.First of all, the main goal here is not just to tell some random story in order to be interesting.The main goal is to get a job. And to get a job, your story must have a meaning and be relat ed to the job itself.So what you should do is tell a story, which has a point that is important for the job you applied for.So, now when that is settled, let us jump to the point and mention some interesting facts.1. Mention hobbies you have.The first thing you want to mention if asked is some of your hobbies.Interviewers are interested to get to know you, to get to see what kind of person you are, and one of the best ways to do it is by analyzing your personality through your side activities.Just remember, make sure to mention hobbies you are really passionate about and those who make you look good, the interviewers would get to see the best version of yourself.Another reason you may want to include just these hobbies and activities is that companies often tend to introduce new employees via e-mail message which is sent to all other employees, where they state your information and your personal interests.2. Things or people you like.Almost everyone has a personal hero or a favorite person who influenced their lives in a very positive way.Interviewers tend to like these kinds of stories so you may want to tell them one.Mention your personal hero or if you really do not have one, you can talk about some people who positively influenced your life and made you the person you are today.Just make sure not to mention Batman, trust me, it is not a good idea!3. Mention some funny moment you experienced.Everyone likes some funny stories. Interviewers are people too, so they like it as well. So it is a good idea to tell one or more funny moments you have had in your life.Try not to prolong it for too long, keep it short and interesting. Try to choose the topic with a hidden message which could be related to the job you applied for.The story itself could be a bit embarrassing as well.Everyone like juicy stories, so it is nothing to be afraid of. It is actually a good idea to do it because it would show them that you are a modest person.4. Do not fear to tell a fear.Ah, t his title sounds kind of weird but the point is what the title says.It is not a bad idea to share some of your fears with the interviewers, because there is nothing to be ashamed of, everyone has their own fears.Of course, try not to lower your chances of getting the job by telling the fear which could be related to the job.FINAL WORDThat was it, folks! I hope this would help you with your job interviews.Have confidence, be yourself and you will have nothing to fear.Just remember these tips and I am sure you will succeed in getting that job you really want.

The Lottery Ticket by Anton Chekhov - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1165 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2018/12/19 Category Literature Essay Type Book review Level High school Topics: Fiction Essay Short Story Essay Did you like this example? The Lottery Ticket is a classic short story written by Antony Chekhov. He is a good storyteller who has managed to use some literary elements in this story. Chekhovs the lottery ticket is a story about a man and his wife who thought they had won a lottery. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Lottery Ticket by Anton Chekhov" essay for you Create order The stories walk the reader through a series of fantasy regarding this familys imagination of what they would do with the money in case they won a lottery (Chekhov, 2004). This story has two characters; Ivan Dmitritch and his wife whom they live together. It is built progressively from the beginning to the end, giving the reader an image of the imaginations of these two characters. Chekhov talks about what Dmitritch and his wife would do with the money if they happen to win the lottery. However, this paper is focused on analyzing the literary elements employed by Chekhov in this story starting from the plot, point of view, characters as well as the setting. Since from the beginning, the story has built a plot of what is happening until the end. Plot is one of the literary element used by Chekhov in this story. In this plot, Ivan Dmitritch is a middle-class person who lives with his family (Chekhov, 2004). When the story begins, he is contented as he sits on a sofa reading a paper while his wife is cleaning the dishes. She asked her husband to check for the lottery number, and he asks what the number is where she responds that it is 9499 26. Ivan indeed found that the first number is 9499 and dropped the paper which fell on his knees (Kopaniasz, 2014). He and his wife both started daydreaming about winning the seventy-five thousand and what they would do with the money. In their next few minutes, they started dreaming about buying a new house and traveling. They both began making plans on how to spend the money (Kopaniasz, 2014). They get so excited about winning the money while smiling and fantasizing on what they will do with the money . As the story unfolds, Ivan started imagining of his wife traveling without him and thought of her becoming stingy with the money. He hates the idea of her owning such amount of money. On the other hand, the wife starts thinking that her husband will be after the money. Since it is her money, she begins hating him for desiring her money (Chekhov, 2004). Chekhov used the plot to make the story interesting to the reader by the image of how a typical middle-class man and his wife had already spent the money even before they got it. Eventually, the husbands look to confirm if it is indeed true that they had won the money. Unfortunately, the number on the next page is 46 instead of 26. When they find out that they did not win, they both came back to earth from their dream, and immediately hatred and hope both disappeared at once. The plot has all the literary features of a plot. There is exposition by introducing the family and mentioning of the lottery ticket (Coulter Smith, 2009). The rising action begins when Ivan finds out the number 9499 given by his wife. As the story progresses, there is a climax when Ivan found out that the number does not match the winning number hence they did not win. The falling action of this story is when Ivan dreaded to live the life he lives while blaming the devil and questioning the audacity (Kopaniasz , 2014). In this plot, the writer is able to capture the attention of the reader by providing an exciting scenario of winning a lottery and how people think once they expect to get a huge amount of money. Another literary element used by Chekhov on The Lottery Ticket is the point of view. Chekhov uses this literary element to keep the reader interested in the story by building a picture of him telling the story on the mind of the reader (Kopaniasz, 2014). He uses the third person point of view which helps the reader to see the story unfolds from another view. The third person point of view is evident in this story from the beginning to the last part of the story. However, he managed to employ the first person point of view in direct quotations of the characters conversation on the dialogues. For instance, the third person point of view is seen when Chekhov says that Looking at his wife, Ivan Dmitritch gave a broad, senseless smile (Chekhov, 2004, 3). The point of view has managed to put the reader in a position to feel the connection with the story but not a too close one. The reader feels sorry for the family of Ivan Dmitritch for not winning the lottery and getting to stay their usual life despite their dream. The use of characters is another literary element used by Chekhov in the lottery ticket. This story has two main characters who include Ivan Dmitritch and his wife. In his element of characterization, Chekhov does not directly reveal about Ivan rather than he is poor and middle-aged (Vigil, 2017). However, his character gets clearly revealed through his through his speech and consciousness in the story. Progressively, his hatred, greed, and cynicism are exposed through his actions, feelings and the choice of words he uses (Kopaniasz, 2014). His wife Masha is not given a definitive although her innocence is shown through Ivans harsh words. The setting of this story is in the house of Ivan and his wife, Masha. They are in the dining room since we are told that Ivan sat down on the sofa after supper and began reading the newspaper (Chekhov, 2004, 1). While on the other hand, his wife was clearing the table after they had their supper (Kopaniasz, 2014). The reader views the setting as a right way of picturing that the story being told looks more realistic through the use of a familiar setting that everyone can relate to the story. The lottery ticket is a story of a middle-class family of Ivan and his wife, Masha. They are lottery players, and on one day after supper, they thought they had won the lottery. The story progresses, and the readers view how Chekhov builds this family. They start dreaming of their win and how to spend the money, but in the climax, they, unfortunately, did not win. Chekhov has managed to employ different literary elements in this story to make it more interesting to the reader. Ranging from the plot to the use of characters, the point of view and setting, the story unfolds interestingly. References Chekhov, A. (2004). The lottery ticket. The Online English Library. Coulter, C. A., Smith, M. L. (2009). The construction zone: Literary elements in narrative research. Educational Researcher, 38(8), 577-590. Kopaniasz, J. (2014). The Lottery Ticket By: Anton Chekhov. Prezi.com. Retrieved 25 November 2017, from https://prezi.com/fqptom2znefc/the-lottery-ticket-by-anton-chekhov/ Vigil, J. (2017). Literary Elements: Definition, Types Examples Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com. Study.com. Retrieved 25 November 2017, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/literary-elements-definition-types-examples.html

Naturalistic Observation Report Essays - 1698 Words

Naturalistic observation is a way of observing applicants in their own natural environment without the contestants realizing the observers are present. My observation took me to different places and settings to complete my assignment where I observed the subjects’ reactions and further relate it with concepts of psychology. This assignment is going to look into the observation at different settings by watching people as they go about their normal activities in their own habitats, and will briefly describe the concepts of superego, egocentrism, operant conditioning, pretend play, and lack of conservation. These concepts are common between the ages 4-6 years of age. The paper will also analyze the interactions using a reflective approach on†¦show more content†¦49) and tries to make the ego behave morally, rather than realistically. The superego safeguards society by housing our morals and values. Society significantly influences the growth of our superego, but it is fi nally our decision how we choose to define our moralities. In this observation Jean Piaget’s concept of egocentrism describes how the children enter the preoperational stage of cognitive development where the young kids have difficulty understanding other points of view. Young children often choose the view that corresponded to their own position that is, â€Å"to view the world solely from one’s own perspective† (Sigelman Rider, 2012, p. 230) that other people see, hear and feel exactly the same as the child does. This can be clearly understood from my observation exercise, which was carried out on the park’s playground on a weekend morning and lasted approximately 45 minutes. The subject of the observation was a boy and a girl around 4 – 6 years of age playing next to each other making a sand castle. I carried out my observation from a relatively close distance, as they were playing next to me. While they finished making the sand castle, the boy by mistake dropped a bucket full of sand on top of the newl y built castle, seeing this the girl started crying and said to the boy she would not play with him ever again. This clearly states that the girl was notShow MoreRelatedNaturalistic Approach in Research777 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Naturalistic Approach Introduction Naturalistic qualitative enquiry expresses one’s view as to the nature of â€Å"reality†. It is the view that the real world is a dynamic system where in all parts are so interrelated that one part inevitably influences the other parts. To understand the real world, the parts cannot be seperated bit by bit, but the parts must be examined in the conext of the world. It is essentially a phenomenological view as differentiated from a logical-positivistic view of theRead MoreEssay on The Role of Methodology in Developmental Research1467 Words   |  6 Pages The most common methods are observations, in particular, naturalistic observation, interviews, correlation study, case study/single case design, longitudinal study. Cross cross-cultural studies are often incorporated, which offers a critical analysis and a ethnocentric view. All methodology must be ethically approved of, and follow the BPS guidelines, there is often ethical issues in developmental research. Naturalistic observation is an opportunity for researchersRead MoreQualitative Research Essay1628 Words   |  7 Pagesquestions, use of measurement and observation, and the test of theories). 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Environment and renewable energy Free Essays

Environment The word environment means ‘surroundings ‘ . It includes everything that we depend on during the class of our life such as air, H2O, dirt, works, animate beings etc. The most serious environmental job of today is the pollution of air, H2O and dirt, lives of endangered species of workss and animate beings, planetary heating, interrupting of ozone bed, acid rains and devastation of tropical rain woods. We will write a custom essay sample on Environment and renewable energy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Renewable Energy A really utile method to minimise the environmental pollution is the usage of renewable energy systems alternatively of the conventional resources. Renewable energy by its definition agencies, â€Å"Renewable energy is derived from natural procedures that are replenished invariably. In its assorted signifiers, it derives straight from the Sun, or from heat generated deep within the Earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, air current, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermic resources, and bio fuels and H derived from renewable resources.† In kernel, a phenomenon uses non-pollutant beginning as fuel alternatively of conventional fuel like oil and coal. Solar Energy The most popular and simple manner of alternate energy is solar energy i.e. the electricity produced by Sun ‘s radiation. There are two methods of accomplishing the above-named end, Photovoltaic Cells A photovoltaic cell alterations sunlight straight into electricity. These cells usually produces 1 – 2 Watts of electricity which is non sufficient plenty to run contraptions, hence a figure of such cells are bound together to organize big faculties and even these faculties can be connected to organize arrays to bring forth needed power end product. PV systems can easy be used at any distant site like RF Stationss. They are besides used to power tickers, reckoners, route marks and street lamps. Electricity produced by these faculties green goodss Direct Current ( DC ) whereas the normal place contraptions that we use are Alternate Current ( AC ) appliances hence an inverter is required to change over the DC into AC. Solar Power Plants They indirectly generate electricity when the heat from solar thermic aggregators is used to heat a fluid that produces steam to travel the turbine that is connected to ordinary generators. Restrictions The end product of solar energy systems depend on sum of solar radiation produced by the Sun at that peculiar site and at that peculiar clip of the twelvemonth. Furthermore, the PV faculties are merely 18 % efficient nevertheless ; attempts are being made to increase their efficiency to a singular degree. Wind Mills The windmill systems includes wind turbine with a conventional generator. The air current fluxing green goodss mechanical energy in a turbine that is converted into electricity from a conventional generator coupled to the turbine. These systems works basically the same as coevals from fossil fuels except that alternatively mechanical energy produced by utilizing steam it is produced from the burning of fossil fuels, the mechanical motion is produced by the air current flow. Modern air current turbines range from 600 kilowatts to 5 MW of power end product, although turbines with rated end product of 1.5-3 MW have become really common for commercial usage. Restrictions The power end product of a turbine is a map of the regular hexahedron of the air current velocity, so as air current velocity additions, power end product additions. Areas where air currents are stronger and more changeless, such as offshore and high height sites are preferable locations for air current farms. Since air current velocity is non changeless, the energy production besides varies. Nuclear Power Plants Nuclear power workss usually use atomic fission reaction to bring forth energy. In fission the karyon of big, atoms such as uranium 235 or Pu 239, is split into two or more smaller karyon bring forthing big sum of kinetic energy along with free neutrons and gamma radiation. The free neutrons are used to bring forth more such fission reactions. A chilling system removes heat from reactor nucleus and transports it to the country where thermic energy is used to heat unstable bring forthing steam to revolve the turbine coupled with conventional generators. Issues It is fact that the atomic waste is risky to the environment but these hazards can be eliminated by utilizing improved method to manage the waste merchandises. Furthermore, atomic reactors produce virtually no air pollution and the energy green goods is much higher than the fossil-fuel generators. In add-on, atomic power produces far less godforsaken stuff than fossil-fuel based power workss. Coal combustion workss are peculiarly noted for bring forthing big sums of toxic and mildly radioactive ash due to concentrating of course happening metals and radioactive stuff from the coal. Restrictions The atomic power workss have high initial investing and the care cost is besides really high. Decision The renewable energy system uses fuel that has unlimited militias, free of cost and generalized being like sunbeams for solar systems and air for air current factory systems, even U for atomic power workss are really abundant in nature. It is about every bit common as Sn or Ge in Earth ‘s crust, and is approximately 35 times more common than Ag. In add-on, more significantly they are none or far less pollutant than the conventional beginnings. However, these renewable energy systems produce no air or H2O pollution but do hold some indirect impacts on the environment. For illustration, fabricating the photovoltaic cells used to change over sunshine into electricity consumes silicon and produces some waste merchandises. In add-on, big solar thermal farms and windmill can besides harm desert ecosystems if non decently managed. Man in the name of engineering and scientific promotion does these amendss to the Mother Earth like the arms that we make to safe lives are really killing ourselves by one manner or the other. It is we who in the unsighted pursuit of technological promotion had willing or unwillingly destroyed the full ecological system and it is our premier responsibility now to salvage it as our endurance depends on its being How to cite Environment and renewable energy, Essay examples

Saturday Night at the Birthday Party free essay sample

Hannah invited 13 children to Jason’s birthday costume party at her home in Kissimmee. The children’s ages ranged from three to thirteen years old. Mostly everyone came to her home dressed in colorful costumes. Some were friendly, scary or funny,others were homemade or store bought. A young married couple arrived around 4:30 pm with their three-year-old son, Matthew, who is the subject of this paper.. His father John was dressed as a tattered bum and his wife Sarah was dressed as a friendly pretty witch. Little Matthew who is usually a white, blond hair male was dressed in a black cat outfit complete with the painted face to resemble a cat. He also wore the red nose, red cheeks and whiskers. He is tall and thin for his age. According to John and Sarah, Matthew’s parents, their son is a curious little boy by nature. Emotional Deveopment and Stranger Anxiety Matthew demonstrated a wide range of basic emotions as Kail and Cavanaugh predicted. Most scientists agree that complex emotions don’t surface until 18 to 24 months of age (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2006, pa. 186). † Complex emotions require the additional step of reflecting on one’s own behavior and how one feels about it. Matthew moved his big blue eyes as he scanned the busy room filled with wild assortments of costumes that floated around him. Matthew did not speak much but his facial expressions of wonderment seemed to say what his mouth did not. Sometimes, his face would light up with excitement and other times he seemed to be paralyzed by fear. He reacted to the hip-hop music by bouncing up and down and clapping his hands. Matthew demonstrated â€Å"stranger wariness; by the end of the first year the child becomes wary in the presence of an unfamiliar adult (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2006, pa. 188). † He ran to his mother and father and hid his face in his mother’s lap when someone approached him to try to engage him in a dance. Until then he appeared to have forgotten about his parents. His ability to explore and his quick return to his parents when frightened showed that he had a secure attachment to his mother’s presence (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2006, pa. 177). Temperament I myself was dressed as Raggedy Annie. Matthew did not seem to be impressed with or afraid of my costume. He showed much interest in some of the other more outrageous costumes i. e. : a Martian with antennas, and a â€Å"Bug’s Life† look alike. Matthew just simply sat and stared at other costumes. He also smiled and laughs at others. When his parents allowed him to move about freely, Matthew hesitated and clung to his parents. That did not last for very long. As the night wore on, Matthew adjusted to his freedom and ventured away from the safety of his parents. This behavior can be easily related to temperment. Temperament is a consistent style or pattern in a child’s behavior (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2006, pa. 93). † When Matthew was first introduced to his new environment, he seemed slow to the adjustment. He seemed to be processing new information rather than just reacting to it. His activity level was very low at first. As time passed, he became more and more comfortable in his new surroundings and began to respond to it more favorably. This is evidence of â€Å"Slow-To-Warm-Up† temperament in which the child’s behavior is initially inhibited and then becomes more like the Easy or Difficult temperament types. He did not pay much attention to the people who were not dressed in costumes. He did not play or laugh with them at all. Rather, he appeared to be more interested in the array of colorful costumes and the behavior that they were engaged in, either laughing and/or dancing. Psychosocial Development Erikson predicted that by age 2 children strive for autonomy, â€Å"independence from others and control over their own behavior (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2006, pa. 179). † Around 6:00 pm it was time to eat. John and Sarah tried to get Matthew to sit with them so that they could eat together. Matthew did not want to sit. He began to cry and pull away when his dad tried to lift him up. When they got Matthew to the table, Matthew did not want to eat. His parents tried everything. He was too excited about all that was going on around him. Clearly Matthew wanted to regulate what was and was not going to happen by exerting his independence so profoundly. He had demostrated his autonomy by resisting, crying, and pulling away. He is probably still going through his terrible two years. He has a strong will power, but it is short lived. His reaction to some of the other more scary costumes and his need to be in the safety of his parents at that time showed some doubt as to his ability to deal with the unexpected. Once again, Matthew became unsure of himself. Erikson would classify this type of behavior as â€Å"AUTONOMY vs SHAME DOUBT†. Cognitive Development Some of the other guests sensing what was going on with Matthew, attempted to help John and Sarah. A happy smiling clown went over and played with Matthew. The clown got him to eat some of his hamburger and french fries. A white rabbit with a big fuzzy tail pretending to nibble on an orange carrot went over to play with him and Matthew laughed and played joyfully. A silly puppet went over and danced in front of Matthew. The puppet also got Matthew to eat a little more of his french fries and drink some of his apple juice. When the colorful clown and the silly puppet interacted with Matthew he reached out to them, smiled and laughed with them. They got him to eat. Then a hungry pig came over to Matthew and tried to play with him. Matthew cried and pulled away. A ghost and a Freddy Kruger look alike went to say hello to Matthew. Matthew cried, swatted his hands at them to leave, twisted away from them, and started yelling no-no. Matthew’s fear of Freddy reveals the quality of â€Å"Appearance as reality† which is characteristic of the Preoperational stage of cognitive development (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2006, pa. 138). During the preoperational stage, magical thinking is the rule and children have great difficulty distinguishing between fantasy and reality. In Matthew’s mind he believed the costumes were real. He believed the scary characters wanted to harm him (twisting away, swatting hands, crying out no no). His behavior was guided by a mistaken belief (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2004, pa. 123). I asked Matthew about the clown and the rabbit. Matthew said, â€Å"FUNNY, I WANT GO DOWN AND PLAY WITH THEM†. Matthew was also displaying â€Å"CONFUSION BETWEEN APPEARANCE AND REALITY†. Matthew is probably in the pre-operational stage of development. Although Matthew’s parents as well as he himself were dressed in costumes he still could not understand that these where simply people dressed up as he and his parent’s were. Theory of Mind This behavior is typical for a pre-operational thinker. Piaget stated that children typically believe others see the world literally and figuratively exactly as they do. (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2004, pa. 134). Matthew may have seen these types of characters in other settings, like television. Based on the animated characters portrayals, and the way others reacted toward them, his memory has probably developed a schema toward those characters (fear-bad or friendly-nice). After getting permission from his parents I spoke with Matthew. I asked him why he cried when the pig and ghost tried to play with him? Matthew said because they are bad. Then I asked if the pig and the ghost had been mean to him. His reply was â€Å"SCARRY†. This statement has lead me to believe that Matthew was exercising a â€Å"theory of mind† by attributing motivations to the other characters (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2006, pa. 123). (Kail and Cavanaugh, 2006, pa. 186) Conclusion: In Matthew’s preoperational thinking, an object’s appearance tells what the object is really like. Matthew is learning how to assert his wishes and to categorize his likes and dislikes. He has a theory of mind which includes attributes of good vs. evil. He showed no emotion towards the people who were not in costumes even though they were strangers to him. He paid much more attention to the people who were in costumes and perceived them to be what they were imitating. Matthew distinguished between the clown, puppet, rabbit, pig, ghost and the â€Å"Freddy Kruger† look alike. He had and idea of what was safe and what was not safe, no matter how friendly they were to him. He demonstrated a wide range of emotion and secure attachment to his parents.

Automotive Airbag History and Invention

Automotive Airbag History and Invention Like seatbelts, airbags are a type of  automobile safety restraint system designed to mitigate injury in the event of an accident. These gas-inflated cushions, built into the steering wheel, dashboard, door, roof, and/or seat of your car, use a crash sensor to trigger a rapid expansion of nitrogen gas contained inside a cushion that pops out on impact to put a protective barrier between passengers and hard surfaces. Types of Airbags The two main types of airbags are designed for front impact and side impact. Advanced frontal airbag systems automatically determine if and with what level of power the driver-side frontal airbag and the passenger-side frontal airbag will inflate. The appropriate level of power is based on the readings of sensor inputs that can typically detect occupant size, seat position, seat belt use of the occupant, and severity of the crash. Side-impact airbags (SABs) are inflatable devices designed to help protect the head and/or chest in the event of a serious crash involving impact with the side of a vehicle. There are three main types of SABs: chest (or torso) SABs, head SABs, and head/chest combination (or combo) SABs. The History of the Airbag At the dawn of the airbag industry, Allen Breed held the  patent (U.S. #5,071,161) to the only crash-sensing technology available at the time. Breed had invented a sensor and safety system in 1968. It was the worlds first electromechanical automotive airbag system. However, rudimentary patents for airbag predecessors date back to the 1950s. Patent applications were submitted by German Walter Linderer and American John Hetrick as early as 1951. Linderers airbag (German patent #896312) was based on a compressed air system, either released by bumper contact or by the driver. Hetrick received a patent in 1953 (U.S. #2,649,311) for what he called a safety cushion assembly for automotive vehicles, also based on compressed air. Later research during the 1960s proved that compressed air was not capable of inflating the airbags quickly enough to be effective. In 1964, Japanese automobile engineer Yasuzaburou Kobori  was developing an airbag safety net system that employed an explosive device to trigger airbag inflation, for which he was awarded patents in 14 countries. Sadly, Kobori  died in 1975 before seeing his ideas put into practical or widespread use. Airbags Are Introduced Commercially In 1971, the Ford Motor Company built an experimental airbag fleet. General Motors installed airbags in a fleet of 1973 Chevrolet Impalas- for government use only. The 1973 Oldsmobile Toronado was the first car with a passenger airbag sold to the public. General Motors later offered an option of driver-side airbags in full-sized Oldsmobiles and Buicks in 1975 and 1976, respectively. Cadillacs became available with driver and passenger airbags options during those years as well. General Motors, which had marketed its airbags as the Air Cushion Restraint System, discontinued the ACRS option for the 1977  model year, citing a lack of consumer interest. Ford and GM subsequently spent years  lobbying  against airbag requirements, arguing that the devices were simply not viable. Eventually, however, the automobile giants realized that the airbag was here to stay. Ford began offering them again as an option on their 1984 Tempo. While Chrysler made a driver-side airbag standard for its 1988–1989 models, it wasn’t until the early 1990s that airbags found their way into the majority of American cars. In 1994, TRW began production of the first gas-inflated airbag. Airbags have been mandatory in all new cars since 1998.

Free Essays on Pharmacodynamics Of Nicotine And Its Use In Smoking Cessation

Running Head: Pharmacodynamics of Nicotine Pharmacodynamics of Nicotine and It’s Use in Smoking Cessation Pharmacodynamics of the Nicotine Patch and It’s Use in Smoking Cessations Quitting smoking is one of the hardest habits for people to quit. Thankfully today there are many helpful aids for those who are trying to quit smoking one of which is the Nicotine Patch. NRT’s or nicotine replacement therapy’s have become increasingly popular in the last decade, partly because of increased health promotion programs aimed at informing the public on the harmful effects of smoking and some possible ways to quit. Another large reason NRT’s have become increasingly popular is their availability as an OTC (Over the Counter) drug, instead of having to see a doctor for a prescription. Nevertheless before one attempts to quit smoking they should be aware of the pharmacodynamics of a nicotine addiction (the effects of the nicotine of the body), how the patch works to aid in smoking cessation, possible side effects of the patch and reasons why the patch should not be used by some individuals. Nicotine is one of the most highly addictive substances sold legally. Its Chemical composition is very close to that of heroin, and smoking is related to many serious health problems. Nicotine is so addicting because it increases the levels of certain chemicals such as dopamine ( ) and norepinepherine in the brain (BC Health Guide). Once smoke is inhaled into the lungs the nicotine almost immediately moves across the lung tissues into the bloodstream. Although nicotine is addictive, the harmful effects from smoking are caused by the tars, carbon monoxide and many other toxic chemicals in the tobacco. Quitting is so hard to do because the body becomes dependant on the nicotine. Once the individual refrains from smoking, the level of the dopamine and norepinepherine in the brain drop and the bodies react by having a nicotine ... Free Essays on Pharmacodynamics Of Nicotine And It's Use In Smoking Cessation Free Essays on Pharmacodynamics Of Nicotine And It's Use In Smoking Cessation Running Head: Pharmacodynamics of Nicotine Pharmacodynamics of Nicotine and It’s Use in Smoking Cessation Pharmacodynamics of the Nicotine Patch and It’s Use in Smoking Cessations Quitting smoking is one of the hardest habits for people to quit. Thankfully today there are many helpful aids for those who are trying to quit smoking one of which is the Nicotine Patch. NRT’s or nicotine replacement therapy’s have become increasingly popular in the last decade, partly because of increased health promotion programs aimed at informing the public on the harmful effects of smoking and some possible ways to quit. Another large reason NRT’s have become increasingly popular is their availability as an OTC (Over the Counter) drug, instead of having to see a doctor for a prescription. Nevertheless before one attempts to quit smoking they should be aware of the pharmacodynamics of a nicotine addiction (the effects of the nicotine of the body), how the patch works to aid in smoking cessation, possible side effects of the patch and reasons why the patch should not be used by some individuals. Nicotine is one of the most highly addictive substances sold legally. Its Chemical composition is very close to that of heroin, and smoking is related to many serious health problems. Nicotine is so addicting because it increases the levels of certain chemicals such as dopamine ( ) and norepinepherine in the brain (BC Health Guide). Once smoke is inhaled into the lungs the nicotine almost immediately moves across the lung tissues into the bloodstream. Although nicotine is addictive, the harmful effects from smoking are caused by the tars, carbon monoxide and many other toxic chemicals in the tobacco. Quitting is so hard to do because the body becomes dependant on the nicotine. Once the individual refrains from smoking, the level of the dopamine and norepinepherine in the brain drop and the bodies react by having a nicotine ...

Health Benefits of Belly Dancing Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health Benefits of Belly Dancing - Article Example Bossonis, â€Å"belly dancing accompanied by music is a very good ingredient at de-stressing/ stress reduction. Moreover, dancing to the music one is passionate about† (2004). In addition, the joy of it is when an individual shares how it helps reduce stress to friends. Due to how many women are busy nowadays, it is important that to treat stress reduction as a necessity other than a luxury. This is because belly dancing helps eliminate the destructive stress and thus it acts as a form of self-care. Once an individual masters the art of belly dancing, the greatest type of mental and emotional health is that it increases one’s self-esteem. A person is able to gain more self-confidence and above all one becomes more agile. On the other hand, the art of belly dancing utilizes movements that generally women are blessed with naturally. More so, as one increases the mastery of all movements of belly dancing, the movements start flowing naturally and they lead to one developin g a more positive attitude towards oneself. Akademi, â€Å"Happiness and joy develop as one attains more and more confidence. The body becomes stronger. It increases mental recovery and emotional breakdown. Belly dancing makes one feel good about their selves which leads to self-acceptance, joy, and happiness†. The positive side effects of belly dancing bring joy in one’s life enough to tackle life stresses and thus an improved mental and emotional health. Every human being spinal column contains numerous bones and ligaments than any other body part. It has thirty-three vertebrae stacked one on top of each other. Every movement of the torso is dependent on the flexibility and function of the spinal cord. Coluccia et al. state that â€Å"during belly dancing, muscles that are attached to the ligaments and vertebrae generate movement to the trunk and pelvic areas which stimulates muscle toning and flexibility†. In addition, the toned muscles help improve the body posture preventing back pain which is mostly the cause of bending.

The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Research Paper

The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster - Research Paper Example However, it is notable that the success of hydropower production is affected by weather variations. Dry conditions lead to water loss through evaporation and also a reduction of water levels in the rivers due to lack of rainfall. This means that there is low availability of water to fill the dams to the required capacity hence reducing the velocity necessary to turn the turbines. Consequently, less power is produced and when that happens, consumers are forced to contend with the possibility of power rationing. Similarly, during heavy rainfall, a lot of silting occurs in the dams and this limits the capacity of the dams to hold sufficient amount of water thereby disrupting power generation (Sherman, 2006). Building of dams requires significantly large chunks of land. This means that displacement of communities may have to take place in order to create space for the construction of dams, which may necessitate compensation thereby raising the initial cost of building these dams. By year 2000, statistics indicate that close to 80 million people had been relocated to allow dam construction worldwide (Sherman, 2006). In addition, arable land may have to be utilized for this purpose and this has the potential of hampering food security in the alienated regions. It may also be important to note that where dams are constructed near human settlement, catastrophes may occur as a result of dam failure. Case in point is the Banqio dam failure in 1975, whereby more than 100000 people lost their lives whereas millions lost their livelihoods after typhoon Nina hit China resulting to unexpected widespread flooding. Several dams including Banqio collapsed as a result and an area of approximately 12000 square kilometers downstream was submerged (Sherman, 2006). Nuclear energy is considered as a viable alternative to hydroelectricity and fossil fuels. It

Research Philosophy Is A Belief Management Essay

Research Philosophy Is A Belief Management Essay The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the research philosophy, approach, strategy that is relevant to this business research. In addition, data collection method that is conducted to address the research problems as provided in chapter 2 is also included. The research methodology will be based on the research onion as introduced by Saunders et al. (2009) Figure 3.1. Selecting the appropriate methodology is essential for the effectiveness of any research (Buckley, 2006). The right choice of the approach will help to make a more informed decision about the research design and strategy that will be consistent with the research topic (Easterby-Smith et al., 1993). In this section, a questionnaire is to be designed to support data collection and further analysis on the research hypotheses. Besides, ethical issues of this research are also included in the end of this chapter. 3.2 Research philosophy Research philosophy is a belief about the way in which data about a phenomenon should be collected and analyzed (Levin, 1988). It is significant with particular reference to research methodology because: (i) it can help the researcher to refine and specify the research methods to be used in a study, that is, to clarify the overall research strategy to be used, (ii) knowledge of research philosophy will enable and assist the researcher to evaluate different methodologies and methods and avoid inappropriate use and unnecessary work by identifying the limitations of particular approaches at an early stage and (iii) it may help the researcher to be creative and innovative in either selection or adaptation of methods (Easterby-Smith et al., 1993). Figure 3.1 Research onion Source: Saunders et al. (2009) According to Saunders et al. (2009), there are four research philosophies in management research including positivism, realism, interpretivism and pragmatism. The choice of research philosophy will therefore influence the development of the research. And although each research philosophy has its strengths and weaknesses (Neville, 2005), the author chooses philosophy of positivism for this study because of the following reasons. The philosophy of positivism research is considered a source of knowledge closely associated with the physical and natural sciences (Alavi and Carlson, 1992). The special features of positivism are seen to be a philosophical ideology and movement, and it has a certain influence in human perception (Birger, 2005). By positing a reality in separation of subject and object, the positivist paradigm provides an objective reality against which researchers can compare their claims and ascertain truth (Popper, 1972). Positivism is largely concerned with the testing, confirmation and falsification, and predictive ability of generalizable theories about an objective, readily apprehended reality (Chua, 1986; Orlikowski and Baroudi, 1991). The objective of positivism is to provide a valid logical foundation for empirical research, and simultaneously restrict the scope of human rationality in scientific study to discovery the efficient means with its aim to achieve the end goal Friedman (1953). 3.3 Research approach In their 2009 work, Saunders et al. referred to the two broad methods of reasoning as the deductive and inductive approaches. Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific, meaning that it starts with a theory, and then hypotheses are developed and a research strategy is designed to test the hypotheses. Meanwhile, inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories, meaning that theories are developed as a result of data collection (Saunders et al., 2009). In this study, the author chooses deduction research approach due to the following reasons: It involves the development of a theory that is subjected to a rigorous test (Saunders et al., 2009). It is the dominant research approach in the natural sciences, where laws present the basis of explanation, allow the anticipation of phenomena, predict their occurrence and therefore permit them to be controlled (Collis and Hussey, 2003). Deductive reasoning is more narrow in nature and is concerned with testing or confirming hypotheses (Babbie, 2001) and therefore, more suitable with the context of this study. 3.4 Research strategy Saunders et al. (2009) stated that research strategy is important as it will help to answer particular research questions and meet research objectives, and that the choice of research strategy will be guided by the research questions and objectives, the extent of existing knowledge, the limit of time and other resources available. The strategies as indicated in the research onion (Saunders et al., 2009) are: experiment, survey, case study, action research, grounded theory, ethnography and archival research. In this study, the author thinks that case study strategy is most suitable and consistent with the research objectives, for the following reasons: It is a strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within its real life context using multiple sources of evidence (Robson, 2002). It provides a better understanding and content theorization of the processes and context in which the practices of management control take place (Morris and Wood, 1991; Adams et al., 2006; Berry et al., 2009 cited in Simoes and Rodrigues, 2008). It can be a very worthwhile way of exploring and challenging existing theories and provide a source of new research questions (Saunders et al., 2009). It has considerable ability to generate answers to the questions Why, What and How (Saunders et al., 2009) that are raised in this study. According to Yin (1994), the case study methodology is the most suitable approach to answer the questions Why? and How? In this case, the questions we want to answer are: Why has the BSC been introduced as a performance measurement tool? and How is the BSC model evaluated via employees feedback? How is the relationship between those measures? The advantage of this approach lies in the possibility of achieving triangulation (Denzin, 1978) which is given by the possibility of using many data sources. 3.5 Research Method As indicated in the research onion by Saunders et al. (2009), mono method, multi-method or mixed methods can be used as the system of collecting data for research projects. In multi-method, quantitative and qualitative researches are used widely in business and management research to differentiate both data collection techniques and data analysis procedures (Saunders et al., 2009). Qualitative research method focuses on discovering and understanding the experiences, perspectives, and thoughts of participants-that is, qualitative research explores meaning, purpose, or reality (Hiatt, 1986). It is usually described as allowing a detailed exploration of a topic of interest in which information is collected by a researcher through case studies, ethnographic work, interviews, and so on (Harwell, 2011). Meanwhile, quantitative research method attempts to maximize objectivity, replicability, and generalizibility of findings, and is typically interested in prediction. Its key features are th e use of instruments such as tests or surveys to collect data, and reliance on probability theory to test statistical hypotheses that correspond to research questions of interest (Harwell, 2011). In supporting this studys objectives, the author chooses to use both qualitative and quantitative researches. It is hoped that the combination of these two methods will strongly support the development of this study in terms of data collection and analysis. Specifically, qualitative approach will be applied in this study via closed questions in questionnaires to obtain information with its aim to explain how the factors impacting BSC in current context of HSBC. Besides, data of research allows researchers to access and recognize population attitudes, perceptions, and ideas about particular social questions with a small sample, as well as practical knowledge (Swidorski, 1980). Accordingly, questionnaire surveys play an important role in helping researchers understand the principles of questionnaire design to explain results in an optimal and meaningful way (Slattery et al., 2011). 3.6 Methods of collecting data 3.6.1 Data source Data are facts, figures and other relevant materials, past and present, serving as bases for study and analysis (Dekeba, 2012). Therefore, data collection is an important aspect of any type of research study. Data gathered by different methods may provide different windows onto social world (Gilbert, 2008). On the other hand, inaccurate data collection can impact the results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results (Afroze, 2010). Basically, data collection includes primary data and secondary data. Primary data is the data which is collected for the first time (Hair et al., 2011). Researchers discussed that the major advantage of primary data is that the information is specific, relevant, up-to-date and that they answer specific research questions that secondary data cannot. However, cost and time consuming are its main disadvantages (Onkvisit Shaw, 2008). Secondary data is the data which is not originally collected but rather obtained from published or unpublished sources (Jha Shah, 2009). Its advantage is that it can be quickly and cheaply obtained, however the most important limitation is that it may not be accurate and updated, therefore not meeting specific research needs (Saunders et al., 2009). In particular, both primary data and secondary data are used in the research with the purpose of providing an objective and multifaceted view on the topic. Secondary data retrieved from e-books, e-journals from the Universitys e-library, websites and HSBCs available internal sources and the banks internal and restricted reports on strategy, structure and procedures as inputs for chapter 1 and 2 and for designing questionnaires. Primary data is to be collected from a survey using questionnaires amongst HSBCs staff within the scope of this research. 3.6.2 Data collection method As mentioned by Saunders et al. (2009), three ways of primary data collection include Observation, Interview and Questionnaires. Observation involves the systematic observation, recording, description, analysis and interpretation of peoples behavior (Hodges Videto, 2011). The main advantage is that it allow researcher to witness behaviors, skills, record and reflect those in their research. However, it is possible that the researcher makes incorrect observations and interpretations (Kerlinger, 1988). Interview is defined by Kahn and Cannel (1965) as a purposeful discussion between two or more people. Interviews help researchers gather valid and reliable data that are relevant to their research questions and objectives but it is a costly method in term of time and money. The interviewer is also needed to be equipped with skills so that they do not interfere or mislead the interviewees with their questions (Saunders et al., 2009). Questionnaire is one of the most widely used data collection techniques widely in business and management research for descriptive or explanatory (Saunders et al., 2009). The term questionnaire is defined as a formalized set of questions with the purpose of obtaining information from respondents (Malhotra et al., 1996). According to Ackroyd and Hughes (1981), questionnaire has some limitations such as: (i) respondents can misinterpret the questions and therefore give incorrect answers, (ii) limited information can be retrieved due to formatted questions, (iii) low chance for the collector to come back and ask for clarification from respondents and (iv) respondents may not be willing to answer if they are not required. However, according to Afroze (2010), there are various factors influencing the choice of a data collection method, including research questions, resources available, scope of work, timeline, and so on. Further to this study, the author decides to choose collecting data using questionnaires rather than observation and interview approaches when considering all these factors and referring to the following advantages (Ackroyd and Hughes, 1981). Large number of responses can be collected from a large number of people in a short period of time and in a relatively cost effective way The results of the questionnaires can be quickly and easily quantified by the researcher or through the use of a software package It can be analyzed more scientifically and objectively than other forms of research When data has been quantified, it can be used to compare and contrast other research and may be used to measure change Positivists believe that quantitative data can be used to create new theories and/or test existing hypotheses Figure 3.2: Types of questionnaire Source: Saunders et al. (2009) As indicated by Saunders et al. (2009), there are two kinds of questionnaires including self-administered and interviewer-administered questionnaires. In this research, self-administered, delivery and collection questionnaire is used, due to the following rationales. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is more cost effective to administer than face-to-face interviews, convenient to respondents as they can complete it at a time and place that is convenient for them, reducing the possibility of interviewer bias, and is perceived to be less intrusive than telephone or face-to-face surveys and hence, respondents will more readily respond truthfully to sensitive questions (Eiselen et al., 2005). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The responses are gathered in a standardized way, so questionnaires are more objective than interviews, and information can be collected from a large portion of a group (Milne, 1999). It facilitates generalization but on the downside, could lead to false conclusions (Deem et al, 2010). According to OLeary (2004), a well-designed questionnaire should meet the research objectives. It should give accurate and relevant information to the research questions and be clearly organized and presented in a way that ensures respondents fully understand the questions and provide accurate, unbiased and complete information. Accordingly, the author was trying hard on building a questionnaire that works in practice and meets the research objectives as elaborated in Chapter 1. In this research, the questionnaire is divided into six sections of 28 questions as described in Figure 3.3 below. They are designed to collect information regarding employees comments and feedback during the implementation process of BSC in HSBC. Figure 3.3: Allocation of questions and research content Section Description Question Section 1 Balanced Scorecard weighting Q1-4 Section 2 Setting objectives Q5-14 Section 3 Financial Q15-18 Section 4 Customer Q19-21 Section 5 Internal processing Q22-24 Section 6 Learning and growth Q25-28 It is a combination of a 5-point Likert rating scale (Likert, 1932) (1=strongly disagree; 2=disagree; 3=neutral; 4=agree; 5=strongly agree) and open-ended statements Please explainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to collect both quantitative and qualitative information. In other words, questionnaires include both quantitative and qualitative questions with which participants can choose one of the five ratings and explain their choice. This ensures respondents have the option to add their own views and feelings (Fisher, 2007) and, on the other hand, providing more information and facts to the author in doing research. It may take 10-15 minutes to complete a self-administered questionnaire. In general, the research is more about what employee experience is with the BSC than about getting a correct answer (Waal et al., 2009). In addition, it is necessary to have a questionnaire cover letter written in order to shortly explain to the respondents of the questionnaire what the survey is all about and what is the purpose of asking the questions (Kiernan, 2005). Considering the nature of this research, it is also essential to let people know that their participation is voluntary and that their data are anonymous and confidential. In this survey, 28 questions are designed in an attempt to get answers to 7 hypotheses as mentioned in Chapter 2, following are the general descriptions: Q1 is to classify sales and non-sales position of participants at HSBC. Q2 is to classify the seniority of the participants at HSBC. Q3 4 are to explore the proportion of the four perspectives of HSBC BSC. Q5 is about the effectiveness of BSC at HSBC. Q6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16 19 are to explore positive effects of BSC at HSBC, in which Q6 is about strategy translation, Q8 about strategy link, Q9 about employee understanding, Q10 about tracking record, Q11 about clear communication, Q13 about feedback encouragement, Q14 about employee satisfaction, Q15 about long and short term link, Q16 19 about a clear focus on achieving targets. Q7, 8, 9 11 are more focused on employee understanding Q17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 are about potential relationships between four perspectives, in which Q17 18 are about relationships between financial and customer value and learning and growth, Q20 21 about relationship between learning and growth and customer, Q22 23 about relationship between customer and internal processing and Q24 about relationship between learning and internal processing. Q25, 26, 27 28 are more focused on learning and growth to figure out if it is the weakest point in HSBC BSC. All these questions are written in details in the Appendix 1 under a full questionnaire. 3.6.3 Sampling method Sample is a part of a population whose properties are studied to gain information about the whole (Webster, 1985). It is a process of selecting respondents form larger part for the purpose of a study. Sampling owns a lot of advantages. It saves time, costs and efforts, making data collection become more manageable as fewer people are involved, and the results will be available more quickly. And to ensure a sample is representative, it is suggested to obtain as high a response rate as possible. According to Saunders et al. (2009), sampling techniques help to reduce the amount of data needed to collect by considering only data from a sub-group rather than all possible cases or elements. Two types of sampling techniques are probability sampling and non-probability sampling. In probability sampling, sample units are selected randomly, whereas in non-probability sampling, they are selected based on the researchers judgment, convenience, or other non-random process (Blattberg et al., 2008). The choice of which technique is used in this research is made in favor of non-probability sampling. Due to the scope of work and the limitation of time, the survey is conducted amongst Premier Center staff only. Only 40 people are included in the survey, they are at different positions (teller, counter officer, service assistant, service manager, relationship officer, sales manager) and different levels of seniority (senior, junior, new joiner). And in this case, it is not necessary to launch a pilot test as recommended by Peterson (2000). There are two primary reasons. First, they are every day dealing with issues related to BSC systems, from setting objectives at the beginning to rating performance every mid-year or year-end. Their daily work and performance is directly subject to all measures of the BSC. Hence, a lot of opinions and feedback can be collected as a source of data collection. Second, they are all working in Premier Center that is the same workplace with the author, then the nature of working environment and the point of view can be quite identical and easier to approach. Moreover, response rate can be high and they are more willing to support the author in doing questionnaires with frank answers. It is believed by many observers that higher response rate will assure more accurate survey results (Rea and Parker 1997). 3.7 Framework of data analysis Figure 3.4 below provide a summary and connection between research objectives as mentioned in chapter 1 and related literature in chapter 2 and equivalent hypotheses as provided in regards to questions designed in chapter 3 to collect data and information for further analysis. Figure 3.4: Summary of chapter 1, 2 and 3 and relevance Objective O Literature Hypothesis H Question Q O1: To understand BSC as a performance measurement tool Performance Measurement and BSC H1: BSC and its perspectives act as an effective performance measurement tool Q5 O2: To identify positive and negative effects of BSC in HSBC Vietnam Positive and negative effects of BSC (9P3N: 9 positive 3 negative points) H2: There are relatively positive impacts of BSC in HSBC H4: There are relatively negative impacts of BSC in HSBC Q6-8-9-10-11-13-14-16-19 Q12 O3: To measure if HSBC BSC model is different compared to an ideal model What is an ideal model? (Norton, 2000) H6: The execution of BSC in a specific organization in practice is different with an ideal BSC Q3-4 O4: To evaluate the relationship between employee understanding of the organizations objectives with a well-performing organization What is a well performing organization? (Steward, 1999) H3: There is a positive relationship between a well performing organization and its employees understanding of its objectives Q7-8-9-11 O5: To analyze the causal relationships between 4 perspectives of BSC Relationship between four perspectives H7: There is a causal relationship between 4 perspectives of BSC in HSBC Q17-18-20-21-22-23-24 O6: To identify the weakest one of the four perspectives. H5: Of the four perspectives of HSBCs BSC, learning and growth is the weakest point. Q25-26-27-28 Due to the nature of this study and the limited timeframe, the author only uses simple formulas in excel 2007 to consolidate figures and analyze data. Analysis is based on quantitative and qualitative information collected from the survey as well as from the authors individual understanding of the subject. 3.8 Ethical issues Since people are the subject of research, it is very difficult to avoid falling into ethical issues (Monette et al., 2005). Therefore, approval has to be obtained from management to conduct this survey at Premier Centers, and a brief explanation of the purpose of the questionnaire is necessarily included in cover letter in order to have an appropriate approach and outlook from participants. In addition, the research topic is about Balanced Scorecard, which is in fact a relatively sensitive issue in terms of human resource management. It covers all employees and managers at all levels as well as issues concerning employees benefits, corporate governance, empowerment, motivation and retention policy and so on. As such, particular attention must be paid to the approach of gathering information from subjects in banking area which are considered to be sensitive, especially in HSBC where privacy and confidentiality is part of its code of conduct and execution. Being aware that disclosure of the banks information to third parties can put the bank at risk and result in operational and reputation loss, there are several points that need high commitment as follow. First, participation in this survey is entirely voluntary and the rights of respondents as human beings should be respected at all times (Cohen, Manion Morrison 2004). Second, for privacy concerns, no actual names of participants are to be revealed. Information provided by them remains confidential and will be reported in summary format only. Third, the content and results of this study are required to be kept private and confidential between the author and the professor only. As some restricted and highly restricted information has been used in this study, particularly highly sensitive and confidential performance data has been obtained, public access and reference are not allowed for any purposes. 3.9 Chapter summary This chapter on methodology enables the author to gain a rich understanding of the context of the research and the processes being enacted, therefore answering the why, what and how questions (Saunders et al., 2006). This section also provides a connection between itself with the research objectives in chapter 1, literature and hypotheses in chapter 2 by presenting research method and data collection via a list of questions to be worked on. Further in the next chapter, results and analysis on collected data will be discussed in details.